Expression of ß1- and ß2-adrenergic receptors in oral squamous cell carcinoma and their association with psychological and clinical factors.

BACKGROUND: Psychological stressors have been related to tumor progression through the activation of beta-adrenergic receptors (ß-AR) in several types of cancer. PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the expressions of ß1- and ß2-AR and their association with psychological and clinicopathological variables in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. METHODS: Tumor samples from 99 patients diagnosed with OSCC were subjected to immunohistochemical reaction to detect the expression of ß1-AR and ß2-AR. Anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using the Beck Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), respectively. The Brunel Mood Scale was used for measuring affective mood states. RESULTS: Univariate analyzes revealed that higher expression of ß1-AR was associated with increased alcohol consumption (p = 0.032), higher education (p = 0.042), worse sleep quality (p = 0.044) and increased levels of pain related to the primary tumor (p < 0.001). Higher expression of ß2-AR was related with regional metastasis (p = 0.014), increased levels of pain related to the primary tumor (p = 0.044), anxiety (p < 0.001) and depressive (p = 0.010) symptoms and higher mood scores of angry (p = 0.010) and fatigue (p = 0.010). Multivariate analysis identified that patients with advanced clinical stage had lower ß1-AR expression (OR=0.145, 95% CI=0.025-0.828, p = 0.003). Higher anxiety symptoms and higher mood fatigue are independent factors for increased ß2-AR expression (OR=4256, 95% CI=1439-12606, p = 0.009; OR=3816, 95% CI=1258-11,573, p = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study reveal that anxiety, fatigue symptoms, and clinical staging are associated with tumor expression of beta-adrenergic receptors in patients with oral cancer.

Staphylococcus capitis Bloodstream Isolates: Investigation of Clonal Relationship, Resistance Profile, Virulence and Biofilm Formation.

Staphylococcus capitis has been recognized as a relevant opportunistic pathogen, particularly its persistence in neonatal ICUs around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the epidemiological profile of clinical isolates of S. capitis and to characterize the factors involved in the persistence and pathogenesis of these strains isolated from blood cultures collected in a hospital in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 141 S. capitis strains were submitted to detection of the mecA gene and SCCmec typing by multiplex PCR. Genes involved in biofilm production and genes encoding enterotoxins and hemolysins were detected by conventional PCR. Biofilm formation was evaluated by the polystyrene plate adherence test and phenotypic resistance was investigated by the disk diffusion method. Finally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyze the clonal relationship between isolates. The mecA gene was detected in 99 (70.2%) isolates, with this percentage reaching 100% in the neonatal ICU. SCCmec type III was the most prevalent type, detected in 31 (31.3%) isolates and co-occurrence of SCCmec was also observed. In vitro biofilm formation was detected in 46 (32.6%) isolates but was not correlated with the presence of the ica operon genes. Furthermore, biofilm production in ICU isolates was favored by hyperosmotic conditions, which are common in ICUs because of the frequent parenteral nutrition. Analysis of the clonal relationship between the isolates investigated in the present study confirms a homogeneous profile of S. capitis and the persistence of clones that are prevalent in the neonatal ICU and disseminated across the hospital. This study highlights the adaptation of isolates to specific hospital environments and their high clonality.

Basal or stimulated thyroglobulin in evaluating response to treatment in papillary thyroid carcinoma? A retrospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: It is not clear whether response to initial treatment in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients is best evaluated by measuring thyroglobulin (Tg) in the presence of levothyroxine (BTg) or when stimulated by elevated TSH (STg). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether response to therapy 1 year after initial treatment changes with the use of STg in relation to BTg in PTC patients treated with total thyroidectomy (TT) and radioiodine (131I), and, if observed, to assess which response is better associated with clinical course. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 148 PTC patients submitted to TT and 131I. We analyzed the response to therapy (excellent, biochemical incomplete, or indeterminate) at 1 year after initial treatment, using BTg or STg, and compared which method was better associated with "excellent response at final evaluation." RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (20.4%) presented change in response to therapy, with 17 of these (60.7%) presenting a worse response. Response using STg was 1.6 times better associated with proposed outcome [odds ratio (OR) = 4.61; confidence interval 95% (IC95%): 2.13-9.98] than with BTg (OR = 2.84; IC95%: 1.33-6.06). CONCLUSION: Response to therapy at 1 year using STg was altered in approximately 20% of cases and therefore proved to be a better predictor of excellent response in the last evaluation.

Laceração de canalículo lacrimal em centro de referência do centro-oeste paulista / Lacrimal canaliculus laceration in a reference center in the Center-West of the state of São Paulo

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características clínico-epidemiológicas, técnicas cirúrgicas e resultado do tratamento das lacerações canaliculares operadas em nosso serviço. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado de janeiro de 2012 a junho de 2020, considerando-se as lesões de canalículo lacrimal operadas em um serviço de referência. Dados demográficos, características das lesões, detalhes das cirurgias e resultado do tratamento foram obtidos de prontuários eletrônicos e analisados estatisticamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos 26 portadores de lesões canaliculares, com idade entre 2 e 71 anos, sendo 73,1% homens. A lesão acometia o canalículo superior em 53,9%; 80,8% pacientes procuraram pelo serviço nas primeiras 24 horas, e 46,2% tiveram a cirurgia realizada entre 24 e 72 horas após o traumatismo. Todos os pacientes tiveram intubação mono ou bicanalicular, e o tempo transcorrido entre a cirurgia e a retirada do silicone, variou de zero a 183 dias. Após a cirurgia, 21 pacientes (80,8%; p<0,05) não apresentaram complicações, 2 (7,7%) evoluíram com obstrução canalicular, 2 (7,7%) com granuloma e 1 (3,8%) com ectrópio de ponto lacrimal. Conclusão: As lesões de canalículo encontradas em nossa prática são mais comuns em crianças ou homens jovens, acometem mais o canalículo superior e as nossas condutas levam a sucesso no tratamento na maior parte dos casos. As grandes controvérsias no assunto persistem, como o tipo e o tempo de permanência do tubo de silicone na via lacrimal. Somente estudos com grandes amostras podem consolidar esses conceitos.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics, surgical techniques, and results of the canalicular laceration treatment at our service. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out from January 2012 to June 2020, considering canalicular injuries operated at a reference center. Demographic data, lesion characteristics, surgical details, and treatment outcomes were obtained from electronic medical records and were statistically analyzed. Results: Twenty-six cases of people with canalicular lesions aged between 2 to 71 years old were included, of whom 73.1% were men. The superior canaliculus was affected in 53.9%; 80.8% of patients searched for care within the first 24 hours, and 46.2% had the surgery performed between 24-72 hours after trauma. All patients had mono or bicanalicular intubation and the time elapsed between surgery and silicone removal ranged from 0 to 183 days. After surgery, 21 patients (80.8%, p<0.05) did not present any complications, two (7.7%) evolved with canalicular obstruction, two (7.7%) with granuloma, and one (3.8 %) with lacrimal puncta ectropion. Conclusion: In our practice, canalicular injuries are more common in children or young men, affecting mainly the superior canaliculus, and treatment success using our approach can be achieved in most of the cases. However, great controversies remain on the subject, such as type of intubation and when to remove the silicone tube from the lacrimal pathway. Larger series are required to consolidate controversial concepts.

Intergenerational Hyperglycemia Impairs Mitochondrial Function and Follicular Development and Causes Oxidative Stress in Rat Ovaries Independent of the Consumption of a High-Fat Diet.

We analyzed the influence of maternal hyperglycemia and the post-weaning consumption of a high-fat diet on the mitochondrial function and ovarian development of the adult pups of diabetic rats. Female rats received citrate buffer (Control-C) or Streptozotocin (for diabetes induction-D) on postnatal day 5. These adult rats were mated to obtain female pups (O) from control dams (OC) or from diabetic dams (OD), and they received a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning to adulthood and were distributed into OC/SD, OC/HFD, OD/SD, and OD/HFD. In adulthood, the OGTT and AUC were performed. These rats were anesthetized and euthanized for sample collection. A high percentage of diabetic rats were found to be in the OD/HFD group (OD/HFD 40% vs. OC/SD 0% p < 0.05). Progesterone concentrations were lower in the experimental groups (OC/HFD 0.40 ± 0.04; OD/SD 0.30 ± 0.03; OD/HFD 0.24 ± 0.04 vs. OC/SD 0.45 ± 0.03 p < 0.0001). There was a lower expression of MFF (OD/SD 0.34 ± 0.33; OD/HFD 0.29 ± 0.2 vs. OC/SD 1.0 ± 0.41 p = 0.0015) and MFN2 in the OD/SD and OD/HFD groups (OD/SD 0.41 ± 0.21; OD/HFD 0.77 ± 0.18 vs. OC/SD 1.0 ± 0.45 p = 0.0037). The number of follicles was lower in the OD/SD and OD/HFD groups. A lower staining intensity for SOD and Catalase and higher staining intensity for MDA were found in ovarian cells in the OC/HFD, OD/SD, and OD/HFD groups. Fetal programming was responsible for mitochondrial dysfunction, ovarian reserve loss, and oxidative stress; the association of maternal diabetes with an HFD was responsible for the higher occurrence of diabetes in female adult pups.

Impact of Obesity and Hyperglycemia on Pregnancy-specific Urinary Incontinence.

OBJECTIVE: The lack of data on the impact of hyperglycemia and obesity on the prevalence of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI) led us to conduct a cross-sectional study on the prevalence and characteristics of PSUI using validated questionnaires and clinical data. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 539 women with a gestational age of 34 weeks who visited a tertiary university hospital between 2015 and 2018. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of PSUI, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires. The women were classified into four groups: normoglycemic lean, normoglycemic obese, hyperglycemic lean, and hyperglycemic obese. The differences between groups were tested using descriptive statistics. Associations were estimated using logistic regression analysis and presented as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. RESULTS: Prevalence rates of PSUI were no different between groups. However, significant difference in hyperglycemic groups worse scores for severe and very severe PSUI. When adjusted data for confound factors was compared with normoglycemic lean group, the hyperglycemic obese group had significantly higher odds for severe and very severe forms of UI using ICIQ-SF (aOR 3.157; 95% CI 1.308 to 7.263) and ISI (aOR 20.324; 95% CI 2.265 to 182.329) questionnaires and highest perceived impact of PSUI (aOR 4.449; 95% CI 1.591 to 12.442). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that obesity and hyperglycemia during pregnancy significantly increase the odds of severe forms and perceived impact of PSUI. Therefore, further effective preventive and curative treatments are greatly needed.

OBJETIVO: A falta de dados sobre o impacto da hiperglicemia e obesidade na prevalência de incontinência urinária específica da gravidez (IAPS) nos levou a realizar um estudo transversal sobre a prevalência e características da IAPS usando questionários validados e dados clínicos. MéTODOS: Este estudo transversal incluiu 539 mulheres com idade gestacional de 34 semanas que visitaram um hospital universitário terciário entre 2015 e 2018. As principais medidas de desfecho foram a prevalência de PSUI, o formulário curto do International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF) e os questionários do Incontinence Severity Index (ISI). As mulheres foram classificadas em quatro grupos: magras normoglicêmicas, obesas normoglicêmicas, magras hiperglicêmicas e obesas hiperglicêmicas. As diferenças entre os grupos foram testadas por meio de estatística descritiva. As associações foram estimadas usando análise de regressão logística e apresentadas como odds ratio não ajustadas e ajustadas. RESULTADOS: As taxas de prevalência de PSUI não foram diferentes entre os grupos. No entanto, houve diferença significativa nos grupos hiperglicêmicos com piores escores para PSUI grave e muito grave. Quando os dados ajustados para fatores de confusão foram comparados ao grupo magro normoglicêmico, o grupo obeso hiperglicêmico teve chances significativamente maiores de formas graves e muito graves de IU usando ICIQ-SF (aOR 3,157; IC 95% 1,308 a 7,263) e ISI (aOR 20,324; 95% CI 2,265 a 182,329) questionários e maior impacto percebido de PSUI (aOR 4,449; 95% CI 1,591 a 12,442). CONCLUSãO: Nossos dados indicam que a obesidade e a hiperglicemia durante a gravidez aumentam significativamente as chances de formas graves e o impacto percebido da PSUI. Portanto, tratamentos preventivos e curativos mais eficazes são extremamente necessários.

Impact of Obesity and Hyperglycemia on Pregnancy-specific Urinary Incontinence / Impacto da obesidade e hiperglicemia na incontinência urinária específica da gravidez

Abstract Objective The lack of data on the impact of hyperglycemia and obesity on the prevalence of pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI) led us to conduct a cross-sectional study on the prevalence and characteristics of PSUI using validated questionnaires and clinical data. Methods This cross-sectional study included 539 women with a gestational age of 34 weeks who visited a tertiary university hospital between 2015 and 2018. The main outcome measures were the prevalence of PSUI, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form (ICIQ-SF), and the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) questionnaires. The women were classified into four groups: normoglycemic lean, normoglycemic obese, hyperglycemic lean, and hyperglycemic obese. The differences between groups were tested using descriptive statistics. Associations were estimated using logistic regression analysis and presented as unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. Results Prevalence rates of PSUI were no different between groups. However, significant difference in hyperglycemic groups worse scores for severe and very severe PSUI. When adjusted data for confound factors was compared with normoglycemic lean group, the hyperglycemic obese group had significantly higher odds for severe and very severe forms of UI using ICIQ-SF (aOR 3.157; 95% CI 1.308 to 7.263) and ISI (aOR 20.324; 95% CI 2.265 to 182.329) questionnaires and highest perceived impact of PSUI (aOR 4.449; 95% CI 1.591 to 12.442). Conclusion Our data indicate that obesity and hyperglycemia during pregnancy significantly increase the odds of severe forms and perceived impact of PSUI. Therefore, further effective preventive and curative treatments are greatly needed.

Resumo Objetivo A falta de dados sobre o impacto da hiperglicemia e obesidade na prevalência de incontinência urinária específica da gravidez (IAPS) nos levou a realizar um estudo transversal sobre a prevalência e características da IAPS usando questionários validados e dados clínicos. Métodos Este estudo transversal incluiu 539 mulheres com idade gestacional de 34 semanas que visitaram um hospital universitário terciário entre 2015 e 2018. As principais medidas de desfecho foram a prevalência de PSUI, o formulário curto do International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF) e os questionários do Incontinence Severity Index (ISI). As mulheres foram classificadas em quatro grupos: magras normoglicêmicas, obesas normoglicêmicas, magras hiperglicêmicas e obesas hiperglicêmicas. As diferenças entre os grupos foram testadas por meio de estatística descritiva. As associações foram estimadas usando análise de regressão logística e apresentadas como odds ratio não ajustadas e ajustadas. Resultados As taxas de prevalência de PSUI não foram diferentes entre os grupos. No entanto, houve diferença significativa nos grupos hiperglicêmicos com piores escores para PSUI grave e muito grave. Quando os dados ajustados para fatores de confusão foram comparados ao grupo magro normoglicêmico, o grupo obeso hiperglicêmico teve chances significativamente maiores de formas graves e muito graves de IU usando ICIQ-SF (aOR 3,157; IC 95% 1,308 a 7,263) e ISI (aOR 20,324; 95% CI 2,265 a 182,329) questionários e maior impacto percebido de PSUI (aOR 4,449; 95% CI 1,591 a 12,442). Conclusão Nossos dados indicam que a obesidade e a hiperglicemia durante a gravidez aumentam significativamente as chances de formas graves e o impacto percebido da PSUI. Portanto, tratamentos preventivos e curativos mais eficazes são extremamente necessários.

Calcium Supplementation on Glucose Tolerance, Oxidative Stress, and Reproductive Outcomes of Diabetic Rats and Their Offspring.

Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of obstetric complications, morbidity, and infant mortality. Controlled nutritional therapy with micronutrients has been employed. However, the effect of calcium (Ca2+) supplementation on diabetic pregnancy is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether diabetic rats supplemented with Ca2+ during pregnancy present better glucose tolerance, redox status, embryonic and fetal development, newborn weight, and the prooxidant and antioxidant balance of male and female pups. For this, newborn rats received the beta-cytotoxic drug streptozotocin for inducing diabetes on the day of birth. In adulthood, these rats were mated and treated with Ca2+ twice a day from day 0 to day 20 of pregnancy. On day 17, the pregnant rats were submitted to the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). At the end of pregnancy, they were anesthetized and killed to collect blood and pancreas samples. The uterine horns were exposed for an evaluation of maternal reproductive outcomes and embryofetal development, and the offspring's liver samples were collected for redox status measurement. Nondiabetic and diabetic rats supplemented with Ca2+ showed no influence on glucose tolerance, redox status, insulin synthesis, serum calcium levels, and embryofetal losses. The reduced rate of newborns classified as adequate for gestational age (AGA) and higher rates of LGA (large) and small (LGA) newborns and higher -SH and GSH-Px antioxidant activities in female pups were observed in diabetic dams, regardless of supplementation. Thus, maternal supplementation caused no improvement in glucose tolerance, oxidative stress biomarkers, embryofetal growth and development, and antioxidants in pups from diabetic mothers.

Severe Diabetes Induction as a Generational Model for Growth Restriction of Rat.

We used uncontrolled maternal diabetes as a model to provoke fetal growth restriction in the female in the first generation (F1) and to evaluate reproductive outcomes and the possible changes in metabolic systems during pregnancy, as well as the repercussions at birth in the second generation (F2). For this, nondiabetic and streptozotocin-induced severely diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were mated to obtain female pups (F1), which were classified as adequate (AGA) or small (SGA) for gestational weight. Afterward, we composed two groups: F1 AGA from nondiabetic dams (Control) and F1 SGA from severely diabetic dams (Restricted) (n minimum = 10 animals/groups). At adulthood, these rats were submitted to the oral glucose tolerance test, mated, and at day 17 of pregnancy, blood samples were collected to determine glucose and insulin levels for assessment of insulin resistance. At the end of the pregnancy, the blood and liver samples were collected to evaluate redox status markers, and reproductive, fetal, and placental outcomes were analyzed. Maternal diabetes was responsible for increased SGA rates and a lower percentage of AGA fetuses (F1 generation). The restricted female pups from severely diabetic dams presented rapid neonatal catch-up growth, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance status before and during pregnancy. At term pregnancy of F1 generation, oxidative stress status was observed in the maternal liver and blood samples. In addition, their offspring (F2 generation) had lower fetal weight and placental efficiency, regardless of gender, which caused fetal growth restriction and confirmed the fetal programming influence.

Oxidative status in colostrum and mature breast milk related to gestational age and fetal growth.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of gestational age and fetal growth on the oxidant/antioxidant status of breast milk is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the oxidative stress biomarkers in colostrum and mature milk according to gestational age and fetal growth. METHOD: A longitudinal study with mothers of premature and term infants, born in a tertiary referral hospital between 2014-2018. Inclusion criteria: postpartum women with a singleton pregnancy, who intended to exclusively breastfeed. Exclusion criteria: maternal diabetes, use of medication, drug addiction, congenital infection or malformation, mastitis, and failure to collect colostrum. Four groups were formed according to gestational age and birth weight (appropriate and small): Preterm small (n = 37), Preterm appropriate (n = 99), Full-term small (n = 65), and Full-term appropriate (control, n = 69). The colostrum samples were collected between 24-72 h and the mature milk was sampled in the 4th week of lactation for malondialdehyde (biomarker for lipid peroxidation) and Glutathione peroxidase, Catalase, and Superoxide dismutase measurements. The data were compared among groups using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, one-way analysis of variance followed by Wald's Distribution test and repeated measures analysis of variance. RESULTS: We found a lower malondialdehyde level in colostrum in preterm groups and term small for gestational age, and the antioxidant enzymes Superoxide dismutase and Catalase activities were higher for preterm compared to term groups. The malondialdehyde levels differed in mature milk samples (Full-term small > Full-term appropriate > Preterm small > Preterm appropriate). The malondialdehyde levels increased during lactation in all groups except Preterm appropriate, and the levels of Catalase decreased in preterm groups. CONCLUSION: The oxidative status in breast milk is influenced by gestational age and fetal growth, which increased antioxidant defense for preterm infants and decreased oxidative stimuli for small for gestational age infants. These findings contribute to encouraging breastfeeding for newborns.

Impact of early-onset preeclampsia on feeding tolerance and growth of very low birth weight infants during hospitalization / Efeito da pré-eclâmpsia precoce na tolerância alimentar e no crescimento de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso durante a hospitalização

ABSTRACT Objective: The provision of adequate enteral nutrition to preterm infants is a great challenge, and preeclampsia (PE) may have a detrimental effect on the safety of nutrition supply. This study aims to investigate the influence of early-onset PE on preterm infants' enteral feeding tolerance and growth during hospitalization. Methods: This is a prospective study with 55 preterm infants <34 weeks born to PE mothers matched by gestational age with 55 preterm infants born to normotensive mothers from 2013 to 2016. We evaluated maternal, gestational, and neonatal clinical data. The outcomes were feeding intolerance and growth during hospitalization. Comparison between groups was performed by Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate whether PE was an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. Results: The mean gestational age was 30 weeks. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had lower birth weight and were smaller at discharge. Feeding intolerance was frequent, but necrotizing enterocolitis was rare in this sample (PE=4% vs. control=2%) with no difference between groups. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had worse growth outcomes; however, PE was not an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. The increase in gestational age was a protective factor, and being born small for gestational age (SGA) increased the risk of feeding intolerance by six times. Conclusions: Preterm infants of mothers with early-onset PE were more likely to be born SGA and had a worse growth trajectory during hospitalization. In adjusted analyses, however, low gestational age and SGA were independent predictors of feeding intolerance.

RESUMO Objetivo: A nutrição enteral adequada para recém-nascidos prematuros é um grande desafio, e a pré-eclâmpsia (PE) pode comprometer a segurança da oferta alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência da PE de início precoce na tolerância alimentar e no crescimento de prematuros durante a hospitalização. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, com 55 prematuros <34 semanas de mães com PE pareados por idade gestacional e com 55 prematuros de mães normotensas, de 2013 a 2016. Foram avaliados dados clínicos maternos, gestacionais e neonatais. Os desfechos foram intolerância alimentar e crescimento durante a hospitalização. Na comparação entre grupos, utilizaram-se teste t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney e teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Regressão logística múltipla foi usada para investigar se a PE é fator de risco para intolerância alimentar. Resultados: A idade gestacional média foi de 30 semanas. Prematuros de mães com PE tiveram menor peso ao nascer e eram menores na alta. A intolerância alimentar foi frequente, mas a enterocolite necrosante foi rara nesta amostra (PE=4% vs. controle=2%), sem diferença entre grupos. Prematuros de mães com PE tiveram pior crescimento, mas a PE não foi fator independente de risco para intolerância alimentar. O aumento da idade gestacional foi fator de proteção, e nascer pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG) aumentou em seis vezes o risco de intolerância alimentar. Conclusões: Prematuros de mães com PE de início precoce tiveram maior probabilidade de nascer PIG e pior trajetória de crescimento na hospitalização. Em análises ajustadas, baixa idade gestacional e PIG foram preditores independentes de intolerância alimentar.

Nursing workload associated with neonatal mortality risk: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the association between nursing workload and neonatal mortality risk in newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. METHODS: this is an observational, cross-sectional study conducted from January 2019 to January 2020. RESULTS: the sample consisted of 399 newborns, 55.4% male, Nursing Activities Score mean of 67.5%, and Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension mean of 17.7, revealed itself as a predictor of the risk of death, while gestational age, length of hospitalization, and the first-minute Apgar established a protective relationship. The correlation between workload and neonatal mortality was low (r= 0.23, p=0.0009). CONCLUSIONS: the workload of the nursing team is not associated with the risk of mortality in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, as measured by the Nursing Activities Score.

Nonpregnant and pregnant adult female rats affected by maternal diabetes environment.

Maternal diabetes-mediated fetal programming is widely discussed, however, it is important to define the extent to which intrauterine hyperglycemia interferes with the health of female pups, along with determining whether these changes can be perpetuated across generations. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of maternal diabetes on fetal programming and the repercussions on the metabolism of pregnant and nonpregnant female pups. Diabetes status was induced (diabetic group-D) using streptozotocin (a beta cell cytotoxic drug) on the fifth postnatal day of female rats, while controls received a citrate buffer (Control-C). In adulthood, the rats were mated to obtain their female pups. At 90 days of age, half of the female pups were mated (preg) and the other half continued virgin (Npreg). Furthermore, they were distributed into four groups: OC/Npreg and OC/preg-female pups from control mothers; OD/Npreg and OD/preg-female pups from diabetic mothers. At 115 days of life and/or 17 days of pregnancy, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed with blood collection for insulin measurement. At 120 days of life and/or 21 days of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized to determine their blood oxidative stress status. The OD/Npreg group showed glucose intolerance during OGTT (p < 0.0001), while the OD/preg group showed increased insulin secretion during OGTT (p < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (IR; p = 0.0027). An increase in homeostatic model assessment ß was shown in the pregnant groups, regardless of maternal diabetes (p < 0.0001). The OD/preg group presented increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (p < 0.0001) and -SH levels (p = 0.0005) and decreased superoxide dismutase activity (p = 0.0063). Additionally, small fetuses for gestational age (p < 0.0001) were found in these rats. In conclusion, exposure to maternal hyperglycemia compromises the glycemic metabolism of female pups before and during pregnancy and causes oxidative stress, IR, and impaired fetal growth during pregnancy.

Impact of early-onset preeclampsia on feeding tolerance and growth of very low birth weight infants during hospitalization.

OBJECTIVE: The provision of adequate enteral nutrition to preterm infants is a great challenge, and preeclampsia (PE) may have a detrimental effect on the safety of nutrition supply. This study aims to investigate the influence of early-onset PE on preterm infants' enteral feeding tolerance and growth during hospitalization. METHODS: This is a prospective study with 55 preterm infants <34 weeks born to PE mothers matched by gestational age with 55 preterm infants born to normotensive mothers from 2013 to 2016. We evaluated maternal, gestational, and neonatal clinical data. The outcomes were feeding intolerance and growth during hospitalization. Comparison between groups was performed by Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate whether PE was an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. RESULTS: The mean gestational age was 30 weeks. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had lower birth weight and were smaller at discharge. Feeding intolerance was frequent, but necrotizing enterocolitis was rare in this sample (PE=4% vs. control=2%) with no difference between groups. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had worse growth outcomes; however, PE was not an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. The increase in gestational age was a protective factor, and being born small for gestational age (SGA) increased the risk of feeding intolerance by six times. CONCLUSIONS: Preterm infants of mothers with early-onset PE were more likely to be born SGA and had a worse growth trajectory during hospitalization. In adjusted analyses, however, low gestational age and SGA were independent predictors of feeding intolerance.

Maternal Diabetes and Postnatal High-Fat Diet on Pregnant Offspring.

Maternal diabetes-induced fetal programming predisposes offspring to type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity in adulthood. However, lifelong health and disease trajectories depend on several factors and nutrition is one of the main ones. We intend to understand the role of maternal diabetes-induced fetal programming and its association with a high-fat diet during lifelong in the female F1 generation focusing on reproductive outcomes and the possible changes in physiological systems during pregnancy as well as the repercussions on the F2 generation at birth. For this, we composed four groups: F1 female pups from control (OC) or from diabetic dams (OD) and fed with standard (SD) or high-fat diet from weaning to full-term pregnancy. During pregnancy, glucose intolerance and insulin sensitivity were evaluated. In a full-term pregnancy, the maternal blood and liver were collected to evaluate redox status markers. The maternal blood, placental tissue, and fetal blood (pool) were collected to evaluate adiponectin and leptin levels. Maternal reproductive parameters were evaluated as well. Maternal diabetes and high-fat diet consumption, in isolation, were both responsible for increased infertility rates and fasting glucose levels in the F1 generation and fetal growth restriction in the F2 generation. The association of both conditions showed, in addition to those, increased lipoperoxidation in maternal erythrocytes, regardless of the increased endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities, glucose intolerance, decreased number of implantation sites and live fetuses, decreased litter, fetal and placental weight, increased preimplantation losses, and increased fetal leptin serum levels. Thus, our findings show that fetal programming caused by maternal diabetes or lifelong high-fat diet consumption leads to similar repercussions in pregnant rats. In addition, the association of both conditions was responsible for glucose intolerance and oxidative stress in the first generation and increased fetal leptin levels in the second generation. Thus, our findings show both the F1 and F2 generations harmed health after maternal hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and exposure to a high-fat diet from weaning until the end of pregnancy.

Predisposing factors for increased cortisol levels in oral cancer patients.

Cancer patients may have a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and abnormal secretion of cortisol. Increased cortisol levels have been associated with worse prognosis in patients with different types of tumors. Although anxiety and depression can trigger an abnormal cortisol secretion, little is known regarding the influence of these emotional disorders on HPA axis dysregulation in cancer patients when evaluating together with demographic, clinicopathological and biobehavioral variables. This cross-sectional study analyzed the pre-treatment plasma cortisol levels of 133 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its association with demographic, clinicopathological, biobehavioral and psychological variables. Plasma cortisol levels were measured by electrochemiluminescence, and anxiety and depression symptoms were assessed using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Depression (BDI), respectively. Demographic, clinicopathological and biobehavioral data were collected from patients' medical records. Results from multivariate analysis showed that the occurrence of cancer-induced pain was predictive for higher cortisol levels (OR = 5.388, p = 0.003). Men with OSCC were 4.5 times more likely to have higher plasma cortisol levels than women (OR = 4.472, p = 0.018). The effect of sex on cortisol concentrations was lost in the adjusted model for clinical staging (OR = 2.945, p = 0.116). The absence of chronic alcohol consumption history was a protective factor for highest hormone concentrations in oral cancer patients (OR = 0.104, p = 0.004). Anxiety symptoms measured by BAI as "hands trembling" (OR = 0.192, p = 0.016) and being "nervous" (OR = 0.207, p = 0.0004) were associated with lower cortisol levels. In contrast, the feeling of "fear of losing control" was a risk factor for highest hormone concentrations (OR = 6.508, p = 0.0004). The global score and specific symptoms of depression measured by the BDI were not predictive for plasma hormone levels (p > 0.05). Together, our results show that pain, alcohol consumption and feeling fear are independent factors for increased systemic cortisol levels in patients with oral cancer. Therefore, psychological intervention, as well as control of pain and alcohol consumption, should be considered to prevent the negative effects of cortisol secretion dysregulation in cancer patients.

Trend in physical activity patterns of pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the trend of physical activity (PhA) in four domains performed by pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District (FD) and to verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the practice of leisure-time physical activity between 2007 and 2017. METHODS: Time trend study carried out with data from the Surveillance System of Risk Factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (Vigitel). A total of 3,730 pregnant women were interviewed in the period, considering sociodemographic variables (age, macro-region, work, marital status, schooling, skin color) and physical activity in the four domains (leisure-time, work, commuting, domestic - yes/no). For pregnant women who performed leisure-time physical activity, its duration was inquired, expressed in the variable PhA ≥ 150 minutes/week (yes/no). The time trend was evaluated by variance-weighted linear regression (average annual variation was expressed in percentage points - pp) and the association of sociodemographic factors with leisure-time physical activity by Poisson regression, with prevalence ratio (PR) estimation. RESULTS: The prevalence of pregnant women with 12 years of schooling or more increased in the analyzed period (+1.37 pp/year), as well as the prevalence of pregnant women with more than 35 years of age (+1.11 pp/year) and those who work (+0.75 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity by pregnant women increased from 29.3% in 2007 to 37.6% in 2017 (+1.37 pp/year), and of PhA ≥ 150min/week from 2.3% to 20.6% (+2.33 pp/year), respectively, and there was a reduction in domestic physical activities from 63.9% to 38.9% (-1.65 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was higher among pregnant women with more than 12 years of schooling (PR = 2.22; 95%CI: 1.73-2.84) as compared to those with less than 8 years of age, and lower among black/brown/indigenous pregnant women, compared to white/yellow ones (PR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.78-0.97). The prevalence of PhA ≥ 150min/week increased according to years of schooling and age. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and its performance for ≥ 150 minutes/week increased in the analyzed period, and both were directly associated with greater schooling.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen for use in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and neurological disability in the world. Several scales help professionals in the early recognition of the disease. However, none of these were developed in Brazil. OBJECTIVES: To translate the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS) into Brazilian Portuguese, and cross-culturally adapt and validate the scale in a representative sample of the Brazilian population. METHODS: This study was carried out in two phases: the first consisted in the translation and cross-cultural validation of the LAPSS, and the second in a cross-sectional study with prospectively collected data in patients with suspected stroke treated in a Brazilian prehospital and referred to a stroke center. Statistical analysis was used to assess the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the scale. Cohen's Kappa coefficient (κ) was used for psychometric assessment. RESULTS: After translation and cross-cultural adaptation, the scale was applied to 86 patients. The scale presented a sensitivity of 83.8%, positive predictive value of 79.50%, specificity of 40.70%, negative predictive value of 47.80%, and accuracy of 77%. Cohen's kappa coefficient was calculated using data from 26 (30.23%) patients and the results showed excellent inter-rater reliability in the majority of the items (52.96%). CONCLUSIONS: The scale was translated and cross-culturally adapted for use in Brazil. The scale presented high sensitivity and accuracy but low specificity, and the Cohen's kappa demonstrated inter-rater reliability. The greatest difficulties occurred when the evaluation included subjective identifications. The scale excluded patients < 45 years old as stroke suspects.

Metabolic changes in female rats exposed to intrauterine hyperglycemia and postweaning consumption of high-fat diet†.

We evaluated the influence of the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and postweaning consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the glycemia, insulin, lipid, and immunological profile of rat offspring in adulthood. Female rats received citrate buffer (Control-C) or Streptozotocin (a beta cell-cytotoxic drug to induce diabetes-D) on postnatal day 5. In adulthood, these rats were mated to obtain female offspring, who were fed a standard diet (SD) or HFD from weaning to adulthood (n = 10 rats/group). OC/SD and OC/HFD represent female offspring of control mothers and received SD or HFD, respectively; OD/SD and OD/HFD represent female offspring of diabetic mothers and received SD or HFD, respectively. At adulthood, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and, next, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. Pancreas was collected and analyzed, and adipose tissue was weighted. Blood samples were collected to determine biochemical and immunological profiles. The food intake was lower in HFD-fed rats and visceral fat weight was increased in the OD/HFD group. OC/HFD, OD/SD, and OD/HFD groups presented glucose intolerance and lower insulin secretion during OGTT. An impaired pancreatic beta-cell function was shown in the adult offspring of diabetic rats, regardless of diet. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations were lower in the OD/HFD group and associated to a low-grade inflammatory condition. The fetal programming was responsible for impaired beta cell function in experimental animals. The association of maternal diabetes and postweaning HFD are responsible for greater glucose intolerance, impaired insulin secretion and immunological change.

Trend in physical activity patterns of pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals / Tendência dos padrões de atividade física de gestantes residentes nas capitais brasileiras

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES To describe the trend of physical activity (PhA) in four domains performed by pregnant women living in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District (FD) and to verify the association between sociodemographic factors and the practice of leisure-time physical activity between 2007 and 2017. METHODS Time trend study carried out with data from the Surveillance System of Risk Factors for chronic diseases by telephone survey (Vigitel). A total of 3,730 pregnant women were interviewed in the period, considering sociodemographic variables (age, macro-region, work, marital status, schooling, skin color) and physical activity in the four domains (leisure-time, work, commuting, domestic - yes/no). For pregnant women who performed leisure-time physical activity, its duration was inquired, expressed in the variable PhA ≥ 150 minutes/week (yes/no). The time trend was evaluated by variance-weighted linear regression (average annual variation was expressed in percentage points - pp) and the association of sociodemographic factors with leisure-time physical activity by Poisson regression, with prevalence ratio (PR) estimation. RESULTS The prevalence of pregnant women with 12 years of schooling or more increased in the analyzed period (+1.37 pp/year), as well as the prevalence of pregnant women with more than 35 years of age (+1.11 pp/year) and those who work (+0.75 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity by pregnant women increased from 29.3% in 2007 to 37.6% in 2017 (+1.37 pp/year), and of PhA ≥ 150min/week from 2.3% to 20.6% (+2.33 pp/year), respectively, and there was a reduction in domestic physical activities from 63.9% to 38.9% (-1.65 pp/year). The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity was higher among pregnant women with more than 12 years of schooling (PR = 2.22; 95%CI: 1.73-2.84) as compared to those with less than 8 years of age, and lower among black/brown/indigenous pregnant women, compared to white/yellow ones (PR = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.78-0.97). The prevalence of PhA ≥ 150min/week increased according to years of schooling and age. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of leisure-time physical activity and its performance for ≥ 150 minutes/week increased in the analyzed period, and both were directly associated with greater schooling.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Descrever a tendência da atividade física (AF) em quatro domínios realizada por gestantes residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal (DF) e verificar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos e a prática de atividade física de lazer entre 2007 e 2017. MÉTODOS Estudo de tendência temporal realizado com dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco para doenças crônicas por inquérito telefônico (Vigitel). Foram estudadas 3.730 gestantes no período, considerando as variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, macrorregião, trabalho, estado civil, escolaridade, cor) e de atividade física nos quatro domínios (lazer, trabalho, deslocamento, doméstico - sim/não). Para as gestantes que realizavam atividade física de lazer, foi questionada a duração, expressa na variável AF ≥ 150 minutos/semana (sim/não). A tendência temporal foi avaliada por regressão linear ponderada pela variância (variação anual média foi expressa em pontos percentuais - p.p.) e a associação de fatores sociodemográficos com a atividade física de lazer por regressão de Poisson, com estimativa da razão de prevalência (RP). RESULTADOS A prevalência de gestantes com 12 anos ou mais de estudo aumentou no período analisado (+1,37 p.p./ano), assim como a prevalência de gestantes com mais de 35 anos (+1,11 p.p./ano) e aquelas que trabalham (+0,75 p.p./ano). A prevalência de atividade física de lazer pelas gestantes aumentou de 29,3%, em 2007, para 37,6%, em 2017 (+1,37 p.p./ano), e de AF ≥ 150min/semana de 2,3% para 20,6% (+2,33 p.p./ano), respectivamente, e houve redução de atividades físicas domésticas de 63,9% para 38,9% (-1,65 p.p./ano). A prevalência da prática de atividade física de lazer foi superior entre as gestantes com mais de 12 anos de estudo (RP = 2,22; IC95% 1,73-2,84), quando comparadas àquelas com menos de 8 anos, e menor entre gestantes pretas/pardas/indígenas, comparadas às brancas/amarelas (RP = 0,87; IC95% 0,78-0,97). A prevalência da AF ≥ 150min/semana aumentou conforme os anos de escolaridade e idade. CONCLUSÕES A prevalência da prática de atividade física de lazer e sua realização por ≥ 150minutos/semana aumentou no período analisado, e ambas se associaram diretamente à maior escolaridade.